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CUPS provides both the System V (lp(1)) and Berkeley (lpr(1)) printing commands for printingfiles. In addition, it supported a large number of standard andprinter-specific options that allow you to control how and wherefiles are printed.

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Printing Files

CUPS understands many different types of files directly,including text, PostScript, PDF, and image files. This allows youto print from inside your applications or at the command-line,whichever is most convenient! Type either of the followingcommands to print a file to the default (or only) printer on thesystem:

Choosing a Printer

Many systems will have more than one printer available to theuser. These printers can be attached to the local system via aparallel, serial, or USB port, or available over the network. Usethe lpstat(1) command to see a listof available printers:

The -p option specifies that you want to see alist of printers, and the -d option reports thecurrent default printer or class.

Use the -d option with the lp command toprint to a specific printer:

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or the -P option with the lpr command:

Setting the Default Printer

If you normally use a particular printer, you can tell CUPS touse it by default using the lpoptions(1) command:

Printing the Output of a Program

Both the lp and lpr commands support printingfrom the standard input:

If the program does not provide any output, then nothing willbe queued for printing.

Specifying Printer Options

For many types of files, the default printer options may besufficient for your needs. However, there may be times when youneed to change the options for a particular file you areprinting.

The lp and lpr commands allow you to passprinter options using the -o option:

The available printer options vary depending on the printer.The standard options are described in the 'Standard Printing Options' sectionbelow. Printer-specific options are also available and can belisted using the lpoptions command:

Creating Saved Options

Saved options are supported in CUPS through printerinstances. Printer instances are, as their name implies, copiesof a printer that have certain options associated with them. Use thelpoptions command to create a printer instance:

The -p printer/instance option provides the name ofthe instance, which is always the printer name, a slash, and theinstance name which can contain any printable characters exceptspace and slash. The remaining options are then associated with theinstance instead of the main queue. For example, the followingcommand creates a duplex instance of the LaserJet queue:

Instances do not inherit lpoptions from the mainqueue.

Printing Multiple Copies

Both the lp and lpr commands have options forprinting more than one copy of a file:

Copies are normally not collated for you. Use the-o collate=true option to get collated copies:

Canceling a Print Job

The cancel(1) and lprm(1) commands cancel a print job:

The job-id is the number that was reported to you bythe lp command. You can also get the job ID using the lpq(1) or lpstat commands:

Moving a Print Job

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The lpmove(8) command moves a printjob to a new printer or class:

The job-id is the number that was reported to you bythe lp or lpstat commands. Destination is thename of a printer or class that you want to actually print the job.

Note:

The lpmove command is located in the system commanddirectory (typically /usr/sbin or /usr/local/sbin),and so may not be in your command path. Specify the full path to thecommand if you get a 'command not found' error, for example:

Standard Printing Options

The following options apply when printing all types offiles.

Selecting the Media Size, Type, and Source

The -o media=xyz option sets the media size,type, and/or source:

The available media sizes, types, and sources depend on theprinter, but most support the following options (case is notsignificant):

  • Letter - US Letter (8.5x11 inches, or 216x279mm)
  • Legal - US Legal (8.5x14 inches, or 216x356mm)
  • A4 - ISO A4 (8.27x11.69 inches, or 210x297mm)
  • COM10 - US #10 Envelope (9.5x4.125 inches, or 241x105mm)
  • DL - ISO DL Envelope (8.66x4.33 inches, or 220x110mm)
  • Transparency - Transparency media type or source
  • Upper - Upper paper tray
  • Lower - Lower paper tray
  • MultiPurpose - Multi-purpose paper tray
  • LargeCapacity - Large capacity paper tray

The actual options supported are defined in the printer's PPDfile in the PageSize, InputSlot, andMediaType options. You can list them using thelpoptions(1) command:

When Custom is listed for the PageSize option, you can specify custom media sizes using one of the following forms:

where 'WIDTH' and 'LENGTH' are the width and length of the media in points, inches, centimeters, or millimeters, respectively.

Setting the Orientation

The -o landscape option will rotate the page 90degrees to print in landscape orientation:

The -o orientation-requested=N option rotates thepage depending on the value of N:

  • -o orientation-requested=3 - portrait orientation (no rotation)
  • -o orientation-requested=4 - landscape orientation (90 degrees)
  • -o orientation-requested=5 - reverse landscape or seascape orientation (270 degrees)
  • -o orientation-requested=6 - reverse portrait or upside-down orientation (180 degrees)

Printing On Both Sides of the Paper

The -o sides=two-sided-short-edge and -osides=two-sided-long-edge options will enable two-sidedprinting on the printer if the printer supports it. The -osides=two-sided-short-edge option is suitable forlandscape pages, while the -osides=two-sided-long-edge option is suitable for portraitpages:

The default is to print single-sided:

Selecting the Banner Page(s)

The -o job-sheets=start,end option sets the bannerpage(s) to use for a job:

If only one banner file is specified, it will be printedbefore the files in the job. If a second banner file isspecified, it is printed after the files in the job.

The available banner pages depend on the local systemconfiguration; CUPS includes the following banner files:

  • none - Do not produce a banner page.
  • classified - A banner page with a 'classified' label at the top and bottom.
  • confidential - A banner page with a 'confidential' label at the top and bottom.
  • secret - A banner page with a 'secret' label at the top and bottom.
  • standard - A banner page with no label at the top and bottom.
  • topsecret - A banner page with a 'top secret' label at the top and bottom.
  • unclassified - A banner page with an 'unclassified' label at the top and bottom.

Holding Jobs for Later Printing

The -o job-hold-until=when option tells CUPS todelay printing until the 'when' time, which can be one of thefollowing:

  • -o job-hold-until=indefinite; print only after released by the user or an administrator
  • -o job-hold-until=day-time; print from 6am to 6pm local time
  • -o job-hold-until=night; print from 6pm to 6am local time
  • -o job-hold-until=second-shift; print from 4pm to 12am local time
  • -o job-hold-until=third-shift; print from 12am to 8am local time
  • -o job-hold-until=weekend; print on Saturday or Sunday
  • -o job-hold-until=HH:MM; print at the specified UTC time

Releasing Held Jobs

Aside from the web interface, you can use the lp commandto release a held job:

where 'job-id' is the job ID reported by the lpstatcommand.

Setting the Job Priority

The -o job-priority=NNN option tells CUPS toassign a priority to your job from 1 (lowest) to 100 (highest),which influences where the job appears in the print queue. Higherpriority jobs are printed before lower priority jobs, howeversubmitting a new job with a high priority will not interrupt analready printing job.

Specifying the Output Order

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The -o outputorder=normal and -o outputorder=reverse options specify the order of the pages. Normal order prints page 1 first, page 2 second, and so forth. Reverse order prints page 1 last.

Selecting a Range of Pages

The -o page-ranges=pages option selects a rangeof pages for printing:

As shown above, the pages value can be a single page, arange of pages, or a collection of page numbers and ranges separated bycommas. The pages will always be printed in ascending order, regardlessof the order of the pages in the page-ranges option.

The default is to print all pages.

Note:

The page numbers used by page-ranges refer to the outputpages and not the document's page numbers. Options like number-upcan make the output page numbering not match the document page numbers.

N-Up Printing

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The -o number-up=value option selects N-Upprinting. N-Up printing places multiple document pages on asingle printed page. CUPS supports 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 16-Upformats; the default format is 1-Up:

The -o page-border=value option chooses theborder to draw around each page:

  • -o page-border=double; draw two hairline borders around each page
  • -o page-border=double-thick; draw two 1pt borders around each page
  • -o page-border=none; do not draw a border (default)
  • -o page-border=single; draw one hairline border around each page
  • -o page-border=single-thick; draw one 1pt border around each page

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The -o number-up-layout=value option chooses thelayout of the pages on each output page:

  • -o number-up-layout=btlr; Bottom to top, left to right
  • -o number-up-layout=btrl; Bottom to top, right to left
  • -o number-up-layout=lrbt; Left to right, bottom to top
  • -o number-up-layout=lrtb; Left to right, top to bottom (default)
  • -o number-up-layout=rlbt; Right to left, bottom to top
  • -o number-up-layout=rltb; Right to left, top to bottom
  • -o number-up-layout=tblr; Top to bottom, left to right
  • -o number-up-layout=tbrl; Top to bottom, right to left

Scaling to Fit

The -o fit-to-page option specifies that the documentshould be scaled to fit on the page:

The default is to use the size specified in the file.

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This feature depends upon an accurate size inthe print file. If no size is given in the file, the page may bescaled incorrectly!

Printing in Reverse Order

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The -o outputorder=reverse option will print thepages in reverse order:

Similarly, the -o outputorder=normal option willprint starting with page 1:

The default is -o outputorder=normal forprinters that print face down and -o outputorder=reversefor printers that print face up.

Printing Mirrored Pages

The -o mirror option flips each page along thevertical axis to produce a mirrored image:

This is typically used when printing on T-shirt transfermedia or sometimes on transparencies.